Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: Combination of APS, HMGN1, and anti-TNFR2 antibody remodels the tumor immune microenvironment to enhance antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102814

Figure Lengend Snippet: Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were obtained from Servicebio (Wuhan, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: Combination of APS, HMGN1, and anti-TNFR2 antibody remodels the tumor immune microenvironment to enhance antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102814

Figure Lengend Snippet: Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).

Article Snippet: Serum levels of certain cytokines (IL-2(Cat. No. GEM0038), IL-6(Cat. No. GEM0001), IL-10(Cat. No. GEM0003), TNF-α (Cat. No. GEM0004), TGF-β (Cat. No. GEM0051) were detected by ELISA kits (Servicebio, Wuhan, China) according to the instructions from the manufacturer.

Techniques:

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Gastric cancer-secreted galectin-1 promotes peritoneal mesothelial-mesenchymal transition to prime peritoneal metastasis soil

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115908

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-1 promotes MMT in HPMCs through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway (A–D) WB analysis of TGF-β1 and p -Smad2/3 in HMrSV5 cells treated with CM from SGC-7901 cells (A and B) and HGC-27 cells (C and D) with different LGALS1 expression levels ( n = 3). (E–H) WB confirmed E-cadherin and vimentin expression in HMrSV5 cells treated with CM from SGC-7901 cells (E and F) and HGC-27 cells (G and H) with different LGALS1 expression levels or CM-OE- LGALS1 supplemented with ITD1. Data are represented as mean ± SD. ∗∗ p < 0.01, NS, p > 0.05.

Article Snippet: Galectin-1-induced peritoneal MMT through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is an important mechanism for GCPM, offering a potential target for GC treatment.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Gastric cancer-secreted galectin-1 promotes peritoneal mesothelial-mesenchymal transition to prime peritoneal metastasis soil

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115908

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway promotes MMT in HPMCs (A–D) Representative immunofluorescence images of E-cadherin and vimentin in HMrSV5 cells treated with CM from SGC-7901 cells (A and B) and HGC-27 cells (C and D) with different LGALS1 expression levels or CM-OE- LGALS1 supplemented with ITD1 (Scale bars, 50 μm) ( n = 3). (E–H) Representative immunofluorescence images of TGF-β1 and p -Smad2/3 in HMrSV5 cells treated with CM from SGC-7901 cells (E and F) and HGC-27 cells (G and H) with different LGALS1 expression or CM-OE- LGALS1 supplemented with ITD1 (Scale bars, 50 μm) ( n = 3). Data are represented as mean ± SD.∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, NS, p > 0.05.

Article Snippet: Galectin-1-induced peritoneal MMT through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is an important mechanism for GCPM, offering a potential target for GC treatment.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Expressing

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Gastric cancer-secreted galectin-1 promotes peritoneal mesothelial-mesenchymal transition to prime peritoneal metastasis soil

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115908

Figure Lengend Snippet: TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is activated in peritoneal tissues undergoing MMT, and galectin-1 enhances GC cell adhesion to HPMCs via this pathway (A–C) Representative images of immunofluorescence for TGF-β1 (A) and p -Smad2/3 (B) in peritoneal tissues without or with MMT (×400 magnification). (C) Comparison of the relative fluorescence density of TGF-β1 and p -Smad2/3 in peritoneal tissues without or with MMT ( n = 6). (D and E) GC cells incubated with Calcein-AM were added to HMrSV5 cells treated with CM from SGC-7901 cells (D) or HGC-27 cells (E) or with different LGALS1 expression levels (Scale bars, 100 μm) ( n = 3). (F and G) Mean IODs of SGC-7901 cells (F) and HGC-27 cells (G) adherent to HMrSV5 cells ( n = 3). Data are represented as mean ± SD.∗∗ p < 0.01, NS, p > 0.05.

Article Snippet: Galectin-1-induced peritoneal MMT through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is an important mechanism for GCPM, offering a potential target for GC treatment.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Fluorescence, Incubation, Expressing

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Gastric cancer-secreted galectin-1 promotes peritoneal mesothelial-mesenchymal transition to prime peritoneal metastasis soil

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115908

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-1 promotes GCPM through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway (A) Representative images of the GCPM animal model established in this study. (B) H&E staining confirmed that the peritoneal nodules were metastatic carcinomas (×400 magnification). (C–E) Representative immunofluorescence images of E-cadherin and vimentin (C), TGF-β1 (D) and p -Smad2/3 (E) in the peritoneum of model animals (×400 magnification). (F) The PCI of mice in different groups ( n = 6). (G and H) The mean fluorescence density of vimentin and E-cadherin ( n = 6). (I and J) The relative fluorescence density of TGF-β1 and p -Smad2/3 ( n = 6). Data are represented as mean ± SD. ∗∗ p < 0.01, NS, p > 0.05.

Article Snippet: Galectin-1-induced peritoneal MMT through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is an important mechanism for GCPM, offering a potential target for GC treatment.

Techniques: Animal Model, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: TGF-β1 modulates PFC glial cell activation to facilitate exercise-induced analgesia in mice with spared nerve injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exercise modulates TGF-β1 expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice 24 days after spared nerve injury (SNI). (a) Representative Western blot images of TGF-β receptor I (TGF-βR1) and TGF-β1 in the PFC. Tissue lysates from all experimental groups (SHAM, SHAME, SNI, SNIE) and recombinant human TGF-β1 (non-reduced and reduced) were loaded on the same SDS–PAGE gel, transferred to a single membrane, and probed with the same TGF-β1 antibody under identical exposure conditions. The recombinant protein (250 ng per lane) served as a positive control to verify the molecular weights of the dimeric (25 kDa) and monomeric (12.5 kDa) forms of TGF-β1. GAPDH was used as the loading control. (b-d) Quantitative Western blot analyses of (b) TGF-βR1, (c) dimeric TGF-β1 (25 kDa), and (d) monomeric TGF-β1 (12.5 kDa) expression levels in tissue lysates. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). ** P < 0.01 vs. SHAM group; ## P < 0.01 vs. SNI group.

Article Snippet: To validate the specificity of the TGF-β1 antibody, Recombinant human TGF-β1 protein (Catalog # 240-B, R&D Systems, USA) was used as a positive control.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Recombinant, SDS Page, Membrane, Positive Control, Control

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: TGF-β1 modulates PFC glial cell activation to facilitate exercise-induced analgesia in mice with spared nerve injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: At 24 d after SNI, mouse PFC astrocytes were activated and microglia were unchanged. (a)Western blotting analysis of changes in GFAP and Iba1 expression in PFC (n = 3); (b) Quantification of GFAP in PFC; (c) Quantification of Iba1 in PFC; (d) MFI representative images of GFAP in PFC; (e) MFI representative image of Iba1 in PFC; (f) Quantification of GFAP in PFC. Values represent mean ± SEM (Scale bar =75μm, 9 PFC sections from 3 mice per group); (g) Quantification of Iba1 in PFC. Values represent mean ±SEM (Scale bar = 75μm, 9 PFC sections from 3 mice per group). Values represent the mean ±SEM. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, compared with SHAM group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, compared with SNI group, the difference was statistically significant; (h) Representative MFI images of changes in the colocalization of TGF-β1(red) and astrocytes (green) in the PFC; (i) Quantification of TGF-β1 and astrocytes in PFC. Values represent the mean ± SEM (Scale bar =100μm, nine PFC sections from three mice per group). * P < 0.05 versus the SHAM group; # P < 0.05 versus the SNI group.

Article Snippet: To validate the specificity of the TGF-β1 antibody, Recombinant human TGF-β1 protein (Catalog # 240-B, R&D Systems, USA) was used as a positive control.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: TGF-β1 modulates PFC glial cell activation to facilitate exercise-induced analgesia in mice with spared nerve injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: TGF-βRI inhibition reverses exercise-induced analgesia and modulates glial activation in the PFC. (a, b) Time course of mechanical and cold hyperalgesia tests (n = 9). The green shading indicates the duration of the exercise intervention, and the green vertical lines denote the timing of intrathecal injections. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ** P < 0.01 versus the SNIE group, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs. SC group. (c) Representative Western blot images of TGF-βR1 and TGF-β1 in the PFC. Tissue lysates from SC and SA groups and recombinant human TGF-β1 (100 ng per lane) (non-reduced and reduced) were loaded on the same SDS–PAGE gel, transferred to a single membrane, and probed with the same TGF-β1 antibody in a single exposure without splicing. The recombinant protein served as a positive control to verify the molecular weights of the dimeric (25 kDa) and monomeric (12.5 kDa) forms of TGF-β1. GAPDH was used as the loading control. (d-f) Quantitative analysis of (d) TGF-βR1, (e) dimeric TGF-β1 (25 kDa), and (f) monomeric TGF-β1 (12.5 kDa) expression levels (n = 3). (g-i) Western blot analysis of glial markers. (g) Representative images of GFAP and Iba1 with GAPDH control. Quantitative analysis of (h) GFAP and (i) Iba1 expression levels (n = 3). (j, k) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the expression of (j) GFAP and (k) Iba1 in the PFC. Scale bar = 75 μm. (l, m) Quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for (l) GFAP and (m) Iba1 (n = 9 sections from 3 mice per group). Data in bar graphs are presented as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. SC group. SC: Spared nerve injury with exercise training followed by intrathecal (i.t.) injection of saline; SA: Spared nerve injury with exercise training followed by i.t. injection of the TGF-βRI inhibitor.

Article Snippet: To validate the specificity of the TGF-β1 antibody, Recombinant human TGF-β1 protein (Catalog # 240-B, R&D Systems, USA) was used as a positive control.

Techniques: Inhibition, Activation Assay, Western Blot, Recombinant, SDS Page, Membrane, Positive Control, Control, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Injection, Saline